Actitudes hacia la inmigración a nivel regional en Europa en tiempos de crisis
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Publicado
ene 7, 2021
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Resumen
A partir de la crisis financiera de 2008, ha habido un auge de partidos nacionalistas en Europa que incluyen medidas antinmigración en sus programas. En este estudio se analiza la relación entre el estatus socioeconómico y el sentimiento antiinmigrante a nivel regional, mediante análisis de regresión geográfica. Para ello usamos datos de los primeros años de la crisis financiera, cuando la mayoría de los países de Europa estaban comenzando a experimentar sus consecuencias a nivel económico, social y político. Este trabajo confirma empíricamente la idoneidad del análisis espacial para mostrar la existencia de diferencias regionales en el sentimiento anti–inmigrante. A partir de ahí cabría cuestionar la validez general de las comparaciones realizadas hasta el momento entre países o entre macro–regiones para explicar tales actitudes. La información aportada en el nivel regional puede ser útil para identificar regiones prioritarias donde implementar políticas de integración para reducir las actitudes negativas hacia los inmigrantes.
Palabras clave:
Nivel socioeconómico
,
sentimiento antiinmigrante
,
xenofobia
,
análisis espacial
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Cómo citar
Álvarez Gálvez, J., Salinas Pérez, J. A., Martínez Cousinou, G., Muniategi Azkona, E., & Antolínez Domínguez, I. (2021). Actitudes hacia la inmigración a nivel regional en Europa en tiempos de crisis. Revista De Fomento Social, (298), 297-325. https://doi.org/10.32418/rfs.2020.298.4342
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ESPING-ANDERSEN, G. (1990). Three worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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FACCHINI, G. and MAYDA, A. (2009). “Does the Welfare State Affect Individual Attitudes Toward Immigrants? Evidence across Countries”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 91, 295-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.2.295
FETZER, J. S. (2000). Public attitudes toward immigration in the United States, France, and Germany. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
FINSERAAS, H., PEDERSEN, W. A. and BAY, A. H. (2016). “When the Going gets Tough: The Differential Impact of National Unemployment on the Perceived Threats of Immigration”. Political Studies, 64(1), 60-73.
GANZEBOOM, H. and TREIMAN, D. (1996). “Internationally Comparable Measures of Occupational Status for the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations”. Social Sciences Research, 25, 201-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ ssre.1996.0010
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GIVENS, T. E. (2007). “Immigrant Integration in Europe: Empirical Research”. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 67-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev. polisci.9.062404.162347
GOLDMAN, P. D., SMITH, P. J., and SOOD, N. (2006). “Immigrants and the Cost of Medical Care”. Health Affairs, 25(6), 1700-1711.
HAINMUELLER, J. and HISCOX, M. (2007). “Educated preferences: Explaining attitudes towards immigration in Europe”. International Organization, 61, 399-442. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020818307070142
HAINMUELLER, J. and HISCOX, M. (2010). “Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and LowSkilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment”. American Political Science Review, 104, 61-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003055410000389
HAINMUELLER, J. and HOPKINS, D. (2014). “Public Attitudes towards Immigration”. Annual Review of Political Science, 17, 225-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/ annurev-polisci-102512-194818
HANSON, G., SCHEVE, K. and SLAUGHTER, M. (2007). “Public finance and individual preferences over globalization strategies”. Economics and Politics, 19(1), 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00300.x
HAUBERT, J. and FUSSELL, E. (2006). “Explaining Pro-Immigrant Sentiment in the U.S.: Social Class, Cosmopolitanism, and Perceptions of immigrants”. International Migration Review, 40, 489-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00033.x
HELBLING, M. and KRIESI, H. (2014). “Why citizens prefer high- over low-skilled immigrants. Labor market competition, welfare state and deservingness”. European Sociological Review, 30(5), 595-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcu061
JAIME-CASTILLO, A. M., MARQUÉS-PERALES, I. and ÁLVAREZ-GÁLVEZ, J. (2016). “The impact of social expenditure on attitudes towards immigration in Europe”. Social Indicators Research, 126(3), 1089-1108.
KEHRBERG, J. E. (2007). “Public Opinion on Immigration in Western Europe: Economics, Tolerance, and Exposure”. Comparative European Politics, 5, 264-281. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110099
KINDER, D. and KIEWIET, R. (1981). “Sociotropic Politics: The American Case”. British Journal of Political Science, 11(2), 129-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S0007123400002544
KUNOVICH, R. M. (2004). “Social structural position and prejudice: an exploration of cross-national differences in regression slopes”. Social Science Research, 33, 20-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00037-1
LAPINSKI, J. S., PELTOLA, P., SHAW, G. and YANG, A. (1997). “Trends: Immigrants and immigration”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 356-383. http://dx.doi. org/10.1086/297799
LEIBFRIED, S. (1992). “Towards a European welfare state? On integrating Poverty Regimes into the European Community”. In Z. FERGE and J. E. KOLBERG (eds.), Social Policy in a Changing Europe (pp. 245-279). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
MAYDA, A. (2006). “Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual attitudes towards immigrants”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 88, 510-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.88.3.510
MOSISA, A. T. (2002). “The role of foreign-born workers in the U.S. economy”. Monthly Labor Review, 125(5), 3-14.
MORAN, P. (1948). “The interpretation of statistical maps”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 10(2), 243-251.
ORRENIUS, P. M. and ZAVODNY, M. (2009). “Do Immigrants Work In Riskier Jobs?” Demography, 46(3), 535-551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0064
SAXTON, G. and BENSON, M. (2003). “The Origins of Socially and Politically Hostile Attitudes toward Immigrants and Outgroups: Economics, Ideology, or National Context?” Journal of Political Science, 31, 101-137.
SCHLUETER, E. and WAGNER, U. (2008). “Regional Differences Matter”. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 49, 153-73. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0020815207088910
SCHLUETER, E., MEULEMAN, B. and DAVIDOV, E. (2013). “Immigrant Integration Policies and Perceived Group Threat: A Multilevel Study of 27 Western and Eastern European Countries”. Social Science Research, 42, 670-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. ssresearch.2012.12.001
SEGOVIA, F. and DEFEVER, R. (2010). “The Polls-Trends: American Public Opinion on Immigrants and Immigration Policy”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 74, 375-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq006
SIDES, J. and CITRIN, J. (2007). “European Opinion about Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests, and Information”. British Journal of Political Science, 37, 477504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123407000257
TICHENOR, D. (2002). Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
TOBLER, W. R. (1970). “A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region”. Economic Geography, 46, 234-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/143141
VAN DER BRUG, W. and FENNEMA, M. (2007). “What causes people to vote for a radical right party? A review of recent work”. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(4), 474-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edm031
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BANSAK, K., HAINMUELLER, J., and HANGARTNER, D. (2016). “How Economic, Humanitarian, and Religious Concerns Shape European Attitudes towards Asylum seekers”. Science, 354 (6309), 217-222.
BAUER, T. K., LOFSTROM, M. and ZIMMERMAN, K. F. (2000). “Immigration policy, assimilation of immigrants, and natives’ sentiments towards immigrants: Evidence from 12 OECD countries”. Swedish Economic Policy Review, 7, 11-53.
BERGER, M. and GABRIEL, P. (1991). “Risk Aversion and the Earnings of U.S. Immigrants and Native”. Applied Economics, 23, 311-18. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/00036849100000138
BLINDER, S. (2015). “Imagined Immigration: The Impact of Different Meanings of ‘Immigrants’ in Public Opinion and Policy Debates in Britain”. Political Studies, 63(1), 80-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12053
BOERI, T. (2010). “Immigration to the land of Redistribution”. Economica, 77(4), 651-687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2010.00859.x BORJAS, G. (1999). Heaven’s Door. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
BRETTELL, C. B. and HOLLIFIELD, J. F. (2008). Migration Theory. Talking Across Disciplines. New York: Routledge.
BRUNSDON, C., STEWART, A. and CHARLTON, M. (1996). “Geographically Weighted Regression: A Method for Exploring Spatial Nonstationarity”. Geographical Analysis, 28 (4), 281-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1996.tb00936.x
BUTKUS, M., MACIULYTE-SNIUKIENE, A., MATUZEVICIUTE, K. and DAVIDAVIVIENE, V. (2018). “Society’s attitudes towards impact of immigration: Case of EU countries”. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 1, 338-352.
CARD, D., DUSTMANN, C. and PRESTON, I. (2011). “Immigration, Wages, and Compositional Amenities”. Journal of European Economy Association, 10, 78-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01051.x
CASTLES, F. and OBINGER, H. (2008). “Worlds, families, regimes: country clusters in European and OECD area public policy”. West European Politics, 31, 321-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402380701835140
CHISWICK, B. R. and MILLER, P. W. (2008). “Occupational attainment and immigrant economic progress in Australia”. Economic Record, 84, 45-856. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2008.00482.x
CITRIN, J., GREEN, D., MUSTE, C. and WONG, C. (1997). “Public opinion toward immigration reform: The role of economic motivations”. Journal of Politics, 59, 858-881. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998640
COBB-CLARK, D. and HILDEBRAND, V. (2006). “The Wealth and Asset Holdings of U.S.Born and Foreign-Born Households: Evidence From the SIPP Data”. Review of Income and Wealth, 52, 17-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2006.00174.x
CONSTERDINE, E. (2018). “State-of-the-art report on public attitudes, political discourses and media coverage on the arrival of refugees”.
CEASEVAL Research on the Common European Asylum System (02). DANCYGIER, R. and DONNELLY, M. (2013). “Sectoral Economies, Economic Contexts, and Attitudes toward Immigration”. Journal of Politics, 75, 17-35. http://dx.doi. org/10.1017/S0022381612000849
DENNISON, J. and DRAZANOVÁ, L. (2018). Public Attitudes on migration: rethinking how people perceive migration. An analysis of existing opinion polls in the EuroMediterranean region. ICMPD, Migration Policy Centre, OPAM. http://hdl.handle. net/1814/62348
DUSTMANN, C. and PRESTON, I. (2007). “Racial and economic factors in attitudes to immigration”. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 7(1), Article 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.1655
EBBINGHAUS, B. (2012). “Comparing welfare state regimes: are typologies an ideal or realistic strategy?” Paper presented at the European Social Policy Analysis Network, University of Edinburg, September 6-8, Edinburg, United Kingdom.
ESCANDELL, X. and CEOBANU, A. (2009). “Anti-immigrant Sentiment and Welfare State Regimes in Europe”. Working Paper 178. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, UCSD.
ESPING-ANDERSEN, G. (1990). Three worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY ROUND 5 DATA (2010). “Data file edition 3.0”. Norwegian Social Science Data Services, Norway - Data Archive and distributor of ESS data.
EUROSTAT (2017). “Migration and Migrant Population Statistics”. European Commission. Retrieved March 3, 2020 (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/images/f/f8/Immigration_by_citizenship%2C_2017_.png)
FACCHINI, G. and MAYDA, A. (2009). “Does the Welfare State Affect Individual Attitudes Toward Immigrants? Evidence across Countries”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 91, 295-314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.2.295
FETZER, J. S. (2000). Public attitudes toward immigration in the United States, France, and Germany. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
FINSERAAS, H., PEDERSEN, W. A. and BAY, A. H. (2016). “When the Going gets Tough: The Differential Impact of National Unemployment on the Perceived Threats of Immigration”. Political Studies, 64(1), 60-73.
GANZEBOOM, H. and TREIMAN, D. (1996). “Internationally Comparable Measures of Occupational Status for the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations”. Social Sciences Research, 25, 201-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ ssre.1996.0010
GEORGE, A., MEADOWS, P., METCALF, H., and ROLFE, H. (2011). Impact of migration on the consumption of education and children’s services and the consumption of health services, social care and social services. National Institute of Economic and Social Research Paper.
GIVENS, T. E. (2007). “Immigrant Integration in Europe: Empirical Research”. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 67-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev. polisci.9.062404.162347
GOLDMAN, P. D., SMITH, P. J., and SOOD, N. (2006). “Immigrants and the Cost of Medical Care”. Health Affairs, 25(6), 1700-1711.
HAINMUELLER, J. and HISCOX, M. (2007). “Educated preferences: Explaining attitudes towards immigration in Europe”. International Organization, 61, 399-442. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0020818307070142
HAINMUELLER, J. and HISCOX, M. (2010). “Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and LowSkilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment”. American Political Science Review, 104, 61-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003055410000389
HAINMUELLER, J. and HOPKINS, D. (2014). “Public Attitudes towards Immigration”. Annual Review of Political Science, 17, 225-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/ annurev-polisci-102512-194818
HANSON, G., SCHEVE, K. and SLAUGHTER, M. (2007). “Public finance and individual preferences over globalization strategies”. Economics and Politics, 19(1), 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.2007.00300.x
HAUBERT, J. and FUSSELL, E. (2006). “Explaining Pro-Immigrant Sentiment in the U.S.: Social Class, Cosmopolitanism, and Perceptions of immigrants”. International Migration Review, 40, 489-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00033.x
HELBLING, M. and KRIESI, H. (2014). “Why citizens prefer high- over low-skilled immigrants. Labor market competition, welfare state and deservingness”. European Sociological Review, 30(5), 595-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcu061
JAIME-CASTILLO, A. M., MARQUÉS-PERALES, I. and ÁLVAREZ-GÁLVEZ, J. (2016). “The impact of social expenditure on attitudes towards immigration in Europe”. Social Indicators Research, 126(3), 1089-1108.
KEHRBERG, J. E. (2007). “Public Opinion on Immigration in Western Europe: Economics, Tolerance, and Exposure”. Comparative European Politics, 5, 264-281. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110099
KINDER, D. and KIEWIET, R. (1981). “Sociotropic Politics: The American Case”. British Journal of Political Science, 11(2), 129-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S0007123400002544
KUNOVICH, R. M. (2004). “Social structural position and prejudice: an exploration of cross-national differences in regression slopes”. Social Science Research, 33, 20-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00037-1
LAPINSKI, J. S., PELTOLA, P., SHAW, G. and YANG, A. (1997). “Trends: Immigrants and immigration”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 356-383. http://dx.doi. org/10.1086/297799
LEIBFRIED, S. (1992). “Towards a European welfare state? On integrating Poverty Regimes into the European Community”. In Z. FERGE and J. E. KOLBERG (eds.), Social Policy in a Changing Europe (pp. 245-279). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
MAYDA, A. (2006). “Who is against immigration? A cross-country investigation of individual attitudes towards immigrants”. Review of Economics and Statistics, 88, 510-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.88.3.510
MOSISA, A. T. (2002). “The role of foreign-born workers in the U.S. economy”. Monthly Labor Review, 125(5), 3-14.
MORAN, P. (1948). “The interpretation of statistical maps”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 10(2), 243-251.
ORRENIUS, P. M. and ZAVODNY, M. (2009). “Do Immigrants Work In Riskier Jobs?” Demography, 46(3), 535-551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0064
SAXTON, G. and BENSON, M. (2003). “The Origins of Socially and Politically Hostile Attitudes toward Immigrants and Outgroups: Economics, Ideology, or National Context?” Journal of Political Science, 31, 101-137.
SCHLUETER, E. and WAGNER, U. (2008). “Regional Differences Matter”. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 49, 153-73. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0020815207088910
SCHLUETER, E., MEULEMAN, B. and DAVIDOV, E. (2013). “Immigrant Integration Policies and Perceived Group Threat: A Multilevel Study of 27 Western and Eastern European Countries”. Social Science Research, 42, 670-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. ssresearch.2012.12.001
SEGOVIA, F. and DEFEVER, R. (2010). “The Polls-Trends: American Public Opinion on Immigrants and Immigration Policy”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 74, 375-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfq006
SIDES, J. and CITRIN, J. (2007). “European Opinion about Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests, and Information”. British Journal of Political Science, 37, 477504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123407000257
TICHENOR, D. (2002). Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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