From war to democracy: the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Since December 2002, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is undergoing a complex period of transition towards democracy. This transition has only come after a long period of war that began with the decline of Mobutu’s regime. This article describes first of all the geographical, population and economic situation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a country that is little known in our part of the world. We then go on to narrate the conflict’s recent history (1996–2005), briefly going back to the period of pre–independence and Mobutu’s time. Finally, the key–points of the transition from war to democracy are analysed: the complexity of the process (“transitions”); interference on the part of neighbouring eastern countries; financing the conflict with the plundering of natural resources; the ethnic factor; the role of the international community.
Downloads
Article Details
The authors acknowledge that the Revista de Fomento Social assumes as its own the intellectual property rights over their work and grant the journal the permissions of distribution and public communication of the same established in the Berlin, Bethesda and Budapest declarations; for this reason they accept that the work presented be distributed in open access, protecting the copyright under a "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivativeWorks 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND) license.
You may copy, use, disseminate, transmit and publicly display provided that:
Cite the authorship of the work, the publication in Revista de Fomento Social, issue, year and the pages where you found the information.
No commercial benefit may be obtained.
No derivative works may be made for commercial purposes that are not authorized by the journal.
Authors are encouraged to disseminate the article electronically (Revista de Fomento Social, number, year, pagination, ISSN, DOI, etc.), in order to favor its circulation and diffusion, increase its citation and reach among the academic community.
The information of the journal will be provided to Dulcinea
References
BEECKMANS, R., (2001), “Afrique–Actualités” En: Congo Afrique CEPAS, Kinshasa.
— (2002), “Afrique–Actualités» En: Congo Afrique CEPAS, Kinshasa.
CASÒLIVA, J.; CARRERO, J., (2000), África de los Grandes Lagos, Barcelona, Cristianisme i Justícia, enero. Cuadernos CiJ, n.95.
CIA, (2004), The World Factbook 2004 www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos
COELLO, (2005), “Escándalo en la misión”, El País Semanal 24–4–2005, 26ss.
CONGO–AFRIQUE, (2002), Rapport du Groupe d’Experts mandatés par l’ONU pour enquêter sur l’exploitation illégale des ressources naturelles et autres richesses de la République Démocratique du Congo, (Extractos de los informes de la ONU de abril y noviembre de 2001). pág. 87–111.
CORTÉS, J. L., (2002), “Adenda, (1965–2002). La República Democrática del Congo” En: FORBATH, (2002), 440–478).
FMI, (2005), “La República Democrática del Congo: Enseñanzas de la guerra” Boletín del FMI 14 de marzo de 2005, 60–62.
FOTBATH, P., (2002), El río Congo. Descubrimiento, exploración y explotación del río más dramático de la tierra. Madrid México DF, Turner– Fondo de Cultura Económica (1ª edición inglesa original: Harper and Row 1977).
GARCÍA BOTIA, J. ET AL., (2004), El genocidio del que no se habla. Guerra en la República Democrática del Congo, Albacete, Federación de Comités de Solidaridad con el África Negra y Asociación Cultural Veredas.
HAMMOND AMBASSADOR WORLD ATLAS, (1988), New Jersey, Hammond Inc.
HOCHSCHILD, A., (2002), El fantasma del rey Leopoldo. Codicia, terror y heroísmo en el África colonial, Barcelona, Península.
LOBO, R., (2005), “Nueve muertes olvidadadas en África”, El País. Domingo 24–4–2005, p. 9.
LOUA, P. “La nationalité: quel fondement?”, Congo Afrique CEPAS, Kinshasa, 360–364.
MAHANO GE MAHANO, (2005), “Congo: llum al final del túnel”, (Conferencia), Barcelona, Cristianisme i Justícia, 2 de junio de 2005.
MALENGE, J. B., (2004), “Célestin Kabuya Lumuna: «Il faut gérer la tribu»”, Renaître n. 11, 15 juin 2004, 24–25.
MARK ROTH, H., (1978), “Historical Setting”, en AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, Zaïre. A Country Study Washington DC, American University.
MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES, (2002), RD Congo. Silence, on meurt. Témoignages. Paris, L’Harmattan.
MINANI, R., (2002), “Les Accords de Lusaka et leurs implications” Congo–Afrique 112–113.
MUTIKWELE, J., (2003), Comfort, comfort my people. A Theology of Forgiveness and Reconciliation in the context of the Democratic Republic of Congo – A Case Study Weston Jesuit School of Theology, Boston, may, (Thesis).
OBOTELA, N., (2003)”Afrique Actualités”, en Congo Afrique, CEPAS, Kinshasa.
— (2004)”Afrique Actualités”, en Congo Afrique, CEPAS, Kinshasa.
ONU, (1999 a), Resolución 1234 de 9 de abril de 1999, S/RES/1234, (1999). www.un.org/spanish/documents/scres.htm, (11–2–2005)
— (1999 b), Resolución 1258 de 6 de agosto de 1999, S/RES/1258, (1999). www.un.org/spanish/documents/scres.htm, (11–2–2005).
— (1999 c), Resolución 1273 de 5 de noviembre de 1999, S/RES/1273, (1999). www.un.org/spanish/documents/scres.htm, (11–2–2005)
— (1999 d), Resolución 1279 de 30 de noviembre de 1999, S/RES/1279, (1999). www.un.org/spanish/documents/scres.htm, (11–2–2005)
— (2000 a), Resolución 1304 de 16 de junio de 2000, S/RES/1304, (2000). www.un.org/spanish/documents/scres.htm, (11–2–2005)
— (2000 b), Resolución 1316 de 23 de agosto de 2000 S/RES/1316, (2000). www.un.org/spanish/documents/scres.htm, (11–2–2005)
— (2001), Resolución 1376 de 9 de noviembre de 2001, S/RES/1376, (2001). www.un.org/spanish/documents/scres.htm, (11–2–2005)
PNUD, (2001), République Démocratique du Congo, (RDC), Rapport National sur le Développement Humain 2000. Kinshasa, Imprimerie Saint Paul.
SAINT MOULIN, L.(2003), “Conscience nationale et identités ethniques”, Congo Afrique, 93–128.
— (2005), “La réalité démographique du Congo post–conflit”, en HANF, T., SCHLEE, B., (ed.), La République Démocratique du Congo: situation d’un état post–conflit Byblos, UNESCO.
UNDP, (2004), Human Development Report 2004, http:/hdr.undp.org/reports/ global/2004 (15–3–2005).